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(2019): Zu Verbreitung und sozialen Einflussfaktoren von Paraglaube in West- und Ostdeutschland 2002–2012 : Empirische Analysen von ALLBUS-Daten SIEGERS, Pascal, ed., Sonja SCHULZ, ed., Oshrat HOCHMAN, ed.. Einstellungen und Verhalten der deutschen Bevölkerung : Analysen mit dem ALLBUS. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019, pp. 53-92. Blickpunkt Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-658-21998-7. Available under: doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-21999-4_3
Der Beitrag liefert eine empirische Bestandaufnahme der Struktur, Verbreitung und sozialen Verortung bzw. den Einflussfaktoren des Glaubens an paranormale und parawissenschaftliche Lehren und Praktiken wie Wünschelruten, Tarot-Karten, Okkultismus oder paramedizinische Lehren in Deutschland seit der Jahrtausendwende. Analysiert werden Daten der Allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) 2002 und 2012, die entsprechende Fragen zur Erfahrung mit und zur Überzeugung von paranormalen und parawissenschaftlichen Lehren und Praktiken enthalten. Dabei fokussieren wir insbesondere zeitliche Veränderungen im betrachteten Zeitraum und nehmen eine zwischen West- und Ostdeutschland vergleichende Perspektive ein.
Hinsichtlich der Dimensionalität des Phänomens Paraglaube ergeben sich die drei Subdimensionen „Esoterik/Mystik“, „volkstümlicher Aberglaube“ und „Paramedizin“, wobei deren Verbreitung in der Bevölkerung deutlich variiert. Entgegen einer in der Literatur berichteten deutlichen Ausbreitung von Paraglaube in (West)Deutschland seit Gründung der BRD finden wir zwischen 2002 und 2012 eher Stabilität vor. Dies betrifft sowohl den Anteil der Menschen, die Erfahrung mit paranormalen Lehren und Praktiken haben und von ihnen überzeugt sind (hier tendiert die Entwicklung sogar eher in Richtung einer Abnahme) als auch die Struktur der Einflussfaktoren. Analysen zu letzterer weisen darauf hin, dass eine starke Bindung an konventionelle Religionen die Affinität für Paraglaube reduziert; gleiches gilt auch, wenn Menschen ein naturalistisches Weltbild vertreten. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich aber, dass auch unter Kontrolle von religiösen und wertbezogenen Merkmalen soziodemografische Variablen einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Neigung zu Paraglaube ausüben. Dabei ist Paraglaube in Ostdeutschland teils deutlich weniger verbreitet als in Westdeutschland, und auch die Effekte von Prädiktoren der Paraglaubensüberzeugung variieren nach Landesteil. -
(2019): Wie deliberativ war die Schlichtung zu ´Stuttgart 21´? : Sprachliche Analyse politischer Kommunikation Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften : Jahrbuch 2018. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2019, pp. 70-75. ISBN 978-3-00-062676-0
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(2019): Analysing European Union Decision-Making during the Eurozone Crisis with New Data European Union Politics. 2019, 20(1), pp. 3-23. ISSN 1465-1165. eISSN 1741-2757. Available under: doi: 10.1177/1465116518814954
The collection of articles in this special issue provides a comprehensive analysis of European Union decision-making during the Eurozone crisis. We investigate national preference formation and interstate bargaining related to major reforms of the Economic and Monetary Union. The analyses rely on the new ‘EMU Positions’ dataset. This dataset includes information about the preferences and saliences of all 28 EU member states and key EU institutions, regarding 47 contested issues negotiated between 2010 and 2015. In this introductory article, we first articulate the motivation behind this special issue and outline its collective contribution. We then briefly summarise each article within this collection; the articles analyse agenda setting, preference formation, coalition building, bargaining dynamics, and bargaining success. Finally, we present and discuss the ‘EMU Positions’ dataset.
Forschungszusammenhang (Projekte)
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Many decisions taken in legislatures or committees are subject to lobbying efforts. A seminal contribution to the literature on vote-buying is the legislative lobbying model pioneered by Groseclose and Snyder (1996), which predicts that lobbies will optimally form supermajorities in many cases. Providing the first empirical assessment of this prominent model, we test its central predictions in the laboratory. While the model assumes sequential moves, we relax this assumption in additional treatments with simultaneous moves. We find that lobbies buy supermajorities as predicted by the theory. Our results also provide supporting evidence for most comparative statics predictions of the legislative lobbying model with respect to lobbies' willingness to pay and legislators' preferences. Most of these results carry over to the simultaneous-move set-up but the predictive power of the model declines.
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(2019): The Comparative Agendas Project : Intellectual Roots and Current Developments BAUMGARTNER, Frank R., ed., Christian BREUNIG, ed., Emiliano GROSSMAN, ed.. Comparative Policy Agendas : Theory, Tools, Data. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 3-16. ISBN 978-0-19-883533-2. Available under: doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198835332.003.0001
The introductory chapter responds to several goals. It first provides some historical elements concerning the emergence and the development of the Comparative Agendas Project (CAP). The project grew out of individual national projects, which initially only aimed at providing a historical and more systematic infrastructure to the study of public policy. The cooperation between those national projects facilitated the emergence of common codebook. This, in turned, encouraged the emergence of comparative projects. Finally, we show that these different steps are currently contributing to redefine and develop the field of comparative public policy.
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(2019): The influence of gender composition in a field of study on students’ drop-out of higher education European Journal of Education. 2019, 54(3), pp. 443-456. ISSN 0141-8211. eISSN 1465-3435. Available under: doi: 10.1111/ejed.12357
Combining Tinto's classical model of student drop‐out with Kanter's assessment of minorities, this article examines the influence of gender composition in a field of study on drop‐out from higher education. Our empirical analysis is based on a sample of students who left German higher education in 2014. Our results confirm previous findings that women in gender‐atypical subjects show a higher drop‐out risk than their male fellow students. We assess several mechanisms which could contribute to explain this effect. Contrary to our expectations, social integration, in the sense of contact with lecturers, seems to be a protective factor for women and men in gender‐atypical subjects. For women in gender‐atypical fields of study, contact with peers is an additional protective factor against drop‐out. The most important mechanism to explain higher education drop‐out is women's more negative self‐assessment of their suitability for male‐dominated subjects.
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(2019): Political Discussions in Homogeneous and Cross-Cutting Communication Spaces Proceedings of the Thirteenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI, 2019, pp. 68-79. ISSN 2162-3449. eISSN 2334-0770. ISBN 978-1-57735-806-0
Online platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit, provide users with a rich set of features for sharing and consuming political information, expressing political opinions, and exchanging potentially contrary political views. In such activities, two types of communication spaces naturally emerge: those dominated by exchanges between politically homogeneous users and those that allow and encourage crosscutting exchanges in politically heterogeneous groups. While research on political talk in online environments abounds, we know surprisingly little about the potentially varying nature of discussions in politically homogeneous spaces as compared to cross-cutting communication spaces. To fill this gap, we use Reddit to explore the nature of political discussions in homogeneous and cross-cutting communication spaces. In particular, we develop an analytical template to study interaction and linguistic patterns within and between politically homogeneous and heterogeneous communication spaces. Our analyses reveal different behavioral patterns in homogeneous and cross-cutting communications spaces. We discuss theoretical and practical implications in the context of research on political talk online.
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(2019): Preferences over income distribution : Evidence from a choice experiment Journal of Economic Psychology. Elsevier. 2019, 74, 102202. ISSN 0167-4870. eISSN 1872-7719. Available under: doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2019.102202
Using a choice experiment in the lab, we assess the relative importance of different attitudes to income inequality. We elicit subjects’ preferences regarding pairs of payoff distributions within small groups, in a firm-like setting. We find that distributions that satisfy the Pareto-dominance criterion attract unanimous suffrage: all subjects prefer larger inequality provided it makes everyone weakly better off. This is true no matter whether payoffs are based on merit or luck. Unanimity only breaks once subjects’ positions within the income distribution are fixed and known ex-ante. Even then, 75% of subjects prefer Pareto-dominant distributions, but 25% of subjects engage in money burning at the top in order to reduce inequality, even when it does not make anyone better off. A majority of subjects embrace a more equal distribution if their own income or overall efficiency is not at stake. When their own income is at stake and the sum of payoffs remains unaffected, 20% of subjects are willing to pay for a lower degree of inequality.
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20 years ago, Zweifel, Felder and Meier (1999) established the by now famous “red-herring” hypothesis, according to which population ageing does not lead to an increase in per capita health care expenditures (HCE) because the observed positive correlation between age and health care expenditures (HCE) in cross-sectional data is exclusively due to the facts that mortality rises with age and a large share of HCE is caused by proximity to death. This hypothesis has spurned a large and still growing literature on the causes and consequences of growing HCE in OECD countries, but the results of empirical studies have been rather mixed. In light of the imminent population ageing in many of these countries it is still being discussed whether unfunded social health insurance systems will be sustainable, in particular as long as they promise to provide universal and unlimited access to medical care including the latest advances. In this paper, we present a critical survey of the empirical literature of the past 20 years on this topic and draw some preliminary conclusions regarding the policy question mentioned above. In doing so we distinguish four different versions of the red herring hypothesis and derive the logical connections between them. This will help to understand what empirical findings are suitable to derive predictions on the future sustainability of HCE.
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(2019): Tacke (2000) : Netzwerk und Adresse HOLZER, Boris, ed., Christian STEGBAUER, ed.. Schlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019, pp. 523-526. ISBN 978-3-658-21742-6. Available under: doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-21742-6_123
Die Systemtheorie scheint auf den ersten Blick ein unwahrscheinlicher Kandidat dafür zu sein, der SNA ein sozialtheoretisches Fundament zu geben. Schließlich entwickelte sich die SNA in Abgrenzung zu einem als unzureichend wahrgenommenen Strukturfunktionalismus. Mit Luhmann hat sich die Systemtheorie jedoch von der Statik der strukturfunktionalistischen Theorie verabschiedet und stellt mit dem Kommunikationsbegriff die relationale Perspektive stärker in den Vordergrund (Luhmann 1984).
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(2019): Normalizing Digital Trace Data STROUD, Natalie Jomini, ed., Shannon C. MCGREGOR, ed.. Digital discussions : how big data informs political communication. New York, USA: Routledge : Taylor & Francis Group, 2019, pp. 9-35. ISBN 978-0-8153-8380-2
Gradually, over the last ten years, social scientists have found themselves confronting a massive increase in available data sources. The digitalization has, for example, opened up vast textual corpora (Grimmer & Stewart, 2013) and provided researchers with cheap and fast alternatives to telephone or face-to-face surveys (Callegaro, Manfreda, & Vehovar, 2015). Additionally, the growing use of digital services in everyday life provides social scientists with an ever increasing reservoir of digital data traces documenting slices of users’ everyday interactions with various digital devices or services (Howison, Wiggins, & Crowston, 2011). This increase in the variety and size of data available to researchers has been heralded by some as a measurement revolution for the social sciences (Golder & Macy, 2014; Lazer, Pentland, Adamic, Aral, Barabási, Brewer, Christakis, Contractor, Fowler, Gutmann, Jebara, King, Macy, Roy, & Van Alstyne, 2009; Schroeder, 2016; Watts, 2011). Especially, the research potential of digital trace data (Howison et al., 2011) has featured prominently in these accounts.
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(2019): Social desirability in spouse ratings Psychological Reports. 2019, 122(2), pp. 593-608. ISSN 0033-2941. eISSN 1558-691X. Available under: doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118767815
Whether or not socially desirable responding (SDR) is a cause for concern in personality assessment has long been debated. For many researchers, McCrae and Costa (1983) laid the issue to rest when they showed that correcting for SDR in self-reports did not improve the agreement with spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. However, their findings rest on the assumption that observer ratings in general, and spouse ratings in particular, are an unbiased external criterion. If spouse ratings are also susceptible to SDR, correcting for the bias in self-rated measures cannot be assumed to increase agreement between self-reports and spouse ratings, and thus failure to do so should not be taken as evidence for the ineffectiveness of measuring and correcting for SDR. In the present study, McCrae and Costa’s influential study was replicated with the exception of measuring SDR with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, in both self-reports and spouse ratings. Analyses were based on responses from 70 couples who had lived together for at least one year. The results showed that both self-reports and spouse ratings are susceptible to SDR and thus McCrae and Costa’s conclusion is drawn into question.
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(2019): Selbstselektion bei der Analyse von Kontexteffekten in der Bildungsforschung : Eine Illustration des Propensity-Score-Matchings LORENZEN, Jule-Marie, ed., Lisa-Marian SCHMIDT, ed., Dariuš ZIFONUN, ed.. Methodologien und Methoden der Bildungsforschung : quantitative und qualitative Verfahren und ihre Verbindungen. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 2019, pp. 211-224. Grundlagentexte Methoden. ISBN 978-3-7799-3291-8
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dc.contributor.author: Haupt, Andreas
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dc.contributor.editor: Baumgartner, Frank R.; Grossman, Emiliano
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(2019): Towards a peaceful world MATTHEWS, Ron, ed.. The Political Economy of Defence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 453-475. ISBN 978-1-108-44101-8. Available under: doi: 10.1017/9781108348058.020
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(2019): ParHistVis : Visualization of Parallel Multilingual Historical Data TAHMASEBI, Nina, ed., Lars BORIN, ed., Adam JATOWT, ed. and others. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change. Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2019, pp. 109-114. ISBN 978-1-950737-31-4
The study of language change through parallel corpora can be advantageous for the analysis of complex interactions between time, text domain and language. Often, those advantages cannot be fully exploited due to the sparse but high-dimensional nature of such historical data. To tackle this challenge, we introduce ParHistVis: a novel, free, easy-to-use, interactive visualization tool for parallel, multilingual, diachronic and synchronic linguistic data. We illustrate the suitability of the components of the tool based on a use case of word order change in Romance wh-interrogatives.
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This paper studies how the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 changed market access and influenced the economic geography of the United States. We compute shipment distances with and without the canal from each US county to each other US county and to key international ports and compute the resulting change in market access. We relate this change to population changes in 20-year intervals from 1880 to 2000. We find that a 1 percent increase in market access led to a total increase of population by around 6 percent. We compute similar elasticities for wages, land values and immigration from out of state. When we decompose the effect by industry, we find that tradable (manufacturing) industries react faster than non-tradable (services), with a fairly similar aggregate effect.
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dc.contributor.author: Bujard, Martin; Kreyenfeld, Michaela; Spiess, C. Katharina
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